Carbon Nanotubes – Advanced Materials 2019

A significant nanoparticle discovery that came to light in 1991 was carbon nanotubes. Where buckyballs are round, nanotubes are cylinders that haven’t folded around to create a sphere. Carbon nanotubes are composed of carbon atoms linked in hexagonal shapes, with each carbon atom covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms. Carbon nanotubes have diameters as small as 1 nm and lengths up to several centimeters. Although like buckyballs, carbon nanotubes are strong, they are not brittle. They can be bent, and when released, they will spring back to their original shape.

One type of carbon nanotube has a cylindrical shape with open ends, as shown in the following figure.

A carbon nanotube.

Another type of nanotube has closed ends, formed by some of the carbon atoms combining into pentagons on the end of the nanotube, as shown in the following figure.

A carbon nanotube with closed ends.

The properties of nanotubes have caused researchers and companies to consider using them in several fields. For example, because carbon nanotubes have the highest strength-to-weight ratio of any known material, researchers at NASA are combining carbon nanotubes with other materials into composites that can be used to build lightweight spacecraft.

Carbon nanotubes can occur as multiple concentric cylinders of carbon atoms, called multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCTs) and shown in the following figure. Logically enough, carbon nanotubes that have only one cylinder are called single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCTs). Both MWCT and SWCT are used to strengthen composite materials.

A multi-walled carbon nanotube.

For More Details about the Carbon Nanotubes visit: Advanced Materials 2019

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Engineering Materials – Advanced Materials 2019

Materials that are used as raw material for any sort of construction or manufacturing in an organized way of engineering application are known as Engineering Materials. For example, the computer or the pen we use, are manufactured through controlled engineering processes. These gadgets make use of materials like HDPE, PP, Pb-Silica glass, copper, aluminium, tin, etc. in their fabrication. Civil construction works like bridges, dams, houses, roads, pavements are carried out with raw materials like stone, chips, cement, clay, paint, bars, etc.

Engineering materials are classified into the following broad groups:

Metals:

Metals are usually characterized by a well defined crystal structure. They are bonded together by means of metallic bonds which maintain an electron cloud. This electron cloud is crucial for the high electrical and thermal conductivity characteristic to metals. 

Lustre 

Hardness 

Thermal and electrical conductivity 

Malleability 

Ceramic:

These are basically amorphous or complex crystalline structure with strong ionic bonds. Due to this amorphous nature, they do not have an electron community. In absence of this, the electrical conductivity and thermal conductivities take a toll. With the strong ionic bonds between them, it takes a lot of energy to activate and displace atoms from bonds. Hence ceramics are extremely heat resistant.

Brittleness 

High thermal and electrical resistance 

High resistance to corrosion 

Opaque

High temperature stability 

Polymer:

Polymers are usually long chain organic macro-molecules with covalent bonds. Each molecule is formed from a large number of unitary molecules known as Monomer. For this reason, the polymers can be bent and stretched easily. In certain polymers some of the molecules cross link with each other there by increasing the strength across the molecules.

Ductile / soft 

Translucency 

Low thermal stability 

Lightweight (But high molecular weight) 

Poor conductor of heat and electricity (With exception of PPV, etc.) 

Composites:

These are macro-physical combination of different phases where the aim is to combine beneficial properties of the constituent materials. Hence, very clear and abstract knowledge

For More Details about the Engineering Materials visit : Advanced Materials 2019

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Biomaterials used in current medical Practice

WHAT ARE BIOMATERIALS?

Biomaterials play an integral role in medicine today—restoring function and facilitating healing for people after injury or disease. Biomaterials may be natural or synthetic and are used in medical applications to support, enhance, or replace damaged tissue or a biological function. The first historical use of biomaterials dates to antiquity when ancient Egyptians used sutures made from animal sinew. The modern field of biomaterials combines medicine, biology, physics, and chemistry, and more recent influences from tissue engineering and materials science. The field has grown significantly in the past decade due to discoveries in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and more.

HOW ARE BIOMATERIALS USED IN CURRENT MEDICAL PRACTICE?

Doctors, researchers, and bioengineers use biomaterials for the following broad range of applications: 

Medical implants, including heart valves, stents, and grafts; artificial joints, ligaments, and tendons; hearing loss implants; dental implants; and devices that stimulate nerves. 

Methods to promote healing of human tissues, including sutures, clips, and staples for wound closure, and dissolvable dressings. 

Regenerated human tissues, using a combination of biomaterial supports or scaffolds, cells, and bioactive molecules. Examples include a bone-regenerating hydrogel and a lab-grown human bladder. 

Molecular probes and nanoparticles that breakthrough biological barriers and aid in cancer imaging and therapy at the molecular level. 

Biosensors to detect the presence and amount of specific substances and to transmit that data. Examples are blood glucose monitoring devices and brain activity sensors. 

Drug-delivery systems that carry and/or apply drugs to a disease target. Examples include drug-coated vascular stents and implantable chemotherapy wafers for cancer patients. 

For More Details about the BioMaterials visit: Advanced Materials 2019

Brochure Details : https://advancedmaterials-research.pulsusconference.com/conference-brochure

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Nanocomposites – Improved Properties

Nanocomposites are materials that incorporate nanosized particles into a matrix of standard material. The result of the addition of nanoparticles is a drastic improvement in properties that can include mechanical strength, toughness and electrical or thermal conductivity. The effectiveness of the nanoparticles is such that the amount of material added is normally only between 0.5 and 5% by weight.

IMPROVED PROPERTIES

Nanocomposites can dramatically improve properties like:

• Mechanical properties including strength, modulus and dimensional stability

• Electrical conductivity

• Decreased gas, water and hydrocarbon permeability

• Flame retardancy

• Thermal stability

• Chemical resistance

• Surface appearance

• Optical clarity

For More Details about the Nanocomposites visit : Advanced Materials 2019

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Nanotechnology in Medicine Application: Drug Delivery

One application of nanotechnology in medicine currently being developed involves employing nanoparticles to deliver drugs, heat, light or other substances to specific types of cells (such as cancer cells). Particles are engineered so that they are attracted to diseased cells, which allows direct treatment of those cells. This technique reduces damage to healthy cells in the body and allows for earlier detection of disease.

For example, nanoparticles that deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells are under development. Tests are in progress for targeted delivery of chemotherapy drugs and their final approval for their use with cancer patients is pending. One company, CytImmune has published the results of a Phase 1 Clinical Trial of their first targeted chemotherapy drug and another company, BIND Biosciences, has published preliminary results of a Phase 1 Clinical Trial for their first targeted chemotherapy drug and is proceeding with a Phase 2 Clinical Trial.

Researchers at Georgia State University are using nanoparticles in a influenza vaccine that targets a portion of the virus that is present in all influenza viruses. Their intent is to develop a vaccine that will work on all influenza viruses.

Researchers at the Wyss Institute are testing nanoparticles that release drugs when subjected to sheer force, such as occurs when passing through a section of artery that is mostly blocked by a clot. Lab tests on animals have shown that this method is effective in delivering drugs used to dissolve clots.The Read more about their study here.

Researchers at the Houston Methodist Research Institute have demonstrated a targeted drug delivery method in mice using silicon nanoparticles that degrade inside a tumor, releasing polymer strands that form a nanoparticle containing the drug to be delivered. This polymer nanoparticle dissolves inside the cancer cell, delivering the drug to the cancer cell.

To know More about Nanotechnology in Medical Applications grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference : 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference : May 22-23, 2019

Venue : Rome, Italy

For more Details : Advanced Materials 2019

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