Piezoelectric Materials and Applications – Advanced Materials 2019

The History

Piezoelectrics are materials that can create electricity when subjected to a mechanical stress. They will also work in reverse, generating a strain by the application of an electric field.

The phenomenon was first discovered in 1880 when Pierre and Jacques Curie demonstrated that when specially prepared crystals (such as quartz, topaz and Rochelle salt) were subjected to a mechanical stress they could measure a surface charge. A year later, Gabriel Lippmann deduced from thermodynamics that they would also exhibit a strain in an applied electric field. The Curies later experimentally confirmed this effect and provided proof of the linear and reversible nature of piezoelectricity.

One of the first applications of the piezoelectric effect was an ultrasonic submarine detector developed during the First World War. A mosaic of thin quartz crystals glued between two steel plates acted as a transducer that resonated at 50MHz. By submerging the device and applying a voltage they succeeded in emitting a high frequency ‘chirp’ underwater, which enabled them to measure the depth by timing the return echo. This was the basis for sonar and the development encouraged other applications using piezoelectric devices both resonating and non-resonating such as microphones, signal filters, and ultrasonic transducers. However many devices were not commercially viable due to the limited performance of the materials at the time.

The Applications

The continued development of piezoelectric materials has led to a huge market of products ranging from those for everyday use to more specialized devices. Some typical applications can be seen below:

Industry

Application

Automotive Airbag sensor, air flow sensor, audible alarms, fuel atomizer, keyless door entry, seat belt buzzers, knock sensors.

Computer Disc drives, inkjet printers.

Consumer Cigarette lighters, depth finders, fish finders, humidifiers, jewelry cleaners, musical instruments, speakers, telephones.

Medical Disposable patient monitors, foetal heart monitors, ultrasonic imaging.

Military Depth sounders, guidance systems, hydrophones, sonar.

To know More about Piezoelectric Materials grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference: 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference: May 22-23, 2019

Venue: Rome, Italy

For more Details: Advanced Materials 2019

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Powder Metallurgy: Applications – Advanced Materials 2019

Application:

Some prominent powder metallurgy products are as follows:

Filters: Powder metallurgy filters have greater strength and shock resistance than ceramic filters. Fiber metal filters, having porosity up to 95% and more, are used for filtering air and fluids.

Cutting Tools and Dies: Cemented carbide cutting tool inserts are produced from tungsten carbide powder mixed with a cobalt binder.

Machinery Parts: Gears, bushes, and bearings, sprockets, rotors are made from metal powders mixed with sufficient graphite to give the product desired carbon content.

Bearing and Bushes: Bearing and bushes to be used with rotating parts are made from copper powder mixed with graphite.

Magnets: Small magnets produced from different compositions of powders of iron, aluminum, nickel, and cobalt have shown excellent performance, far superior to that cast.

To know More about Powder Metallurgy grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference: 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference: May 22-23, 2019

Venue: Rome, Italy

For more Details: Advanced Materials 2019

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Powder Metallurgy: Process – Advanced Materials 2019

Powder metallurgy is a metalworking process for forming precision metal components from metal powders by compacting in a die.

Process Details:

The following are the basic steps of powder metallurgy:

Power production: Numerous processes can produce metallic powders: grinding, electrodeposition, comminution, atomization, chemical reduction, etc. In atomization, a liquid metal stream produced by injecting molten metal through a small orifice and the steam is broken up by jets of inert gas, air or water. The powder is also produced by reduction of metal oxides using hydrogen or carbon monoxide, as reducing agents. Mechanical comminution involves crushing, milling in a ball mill or grinding brittle or less ductile metals into small particles.

Powder Mixing: The process of mixing includes mixing of various metal powders are thoroughly intermingled. This is carried out in batch mixers. The temperature during mixing affects the friction between powder particles. With increasing temperature, the friction coefficient between most materials increases and the flow of powders is impaired.

Compacting: A controlled amount of the mixed powder is introduced into a precision die, and then it is pressed or compacted at room temperature and pressure in the range 100 Mpa to 1000 Mpa. In doing so, the loose powder is consolidated and densified into a shaped model. The model is called green compact. As it comes out of the die, the compact has the size and shape of the finished product. The strength of the compact is just sufficient for in-process handling and transportation to the sintering furnace.

Sintering: Sintering involves heating of the green compact in a protective atmosphere furnace to a suitable temperature below the melting point of the metal. Typical sintering atmospheres are endothermic gas, exothermic gas, dissociated ammonia, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Sintering is responsible for producing physical and mechanical properties by developing a metallurgical bond among the powder particles. It also serves to remove the lubricant from the powder, prevents oxidation, and controls carbon content in part.

To know More about Powder Metallurgy grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference: 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference: May 22-23, 2019

Venue: Rome, Italy

For more Details: Advanced Materials 2019

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What Materials are Used in Ceramic Armor? – Advanced Materials 2019

The commercially manufactured ceramics for armor include materials such as boron carbide, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, titanium boride, aluminium nitride, and Syndite (synthetic diamond composite). Boron carbide composites are primarily used for ceramic plates to protect against smaller projectiles, and are used in body armor and armored helicopters. Silicon carbide is primarily used to protect against larger projectiles.

Commercially, a variety of sintered, reaction-bonded and hot pressed ceramic materials are available, for example, Hexoloy® Silicon Carbide (SiC). Likewise common ceramic body armor components in the market are CeraShield™ High-Density Aluminum Oxides, CeraShield Silicon Carbides, and CeraShield Boron Carbides.

To know More about Ceramic Armor grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference : 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference : May 22-23, 2019

Venue : Rome, Italy

For more Details : Advanced Materials 2019

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What is Ceramic Armor? – Advanced Materials 2019 Conference

Materials used in armor have come a long way since ancient times when hides and skins were first used to protect the body.

For many years, armors were produced using various metals and alloys. In modern times, these metal suits have given way to armors made from super strong synthetic fibers and super strong synthetic hard materials. The latest super-strong materials to be considered are ceramics.

Ceramic armor can be used to protect vehicles as well as individual personnel and dates back to 1918. Ceramics are known to be some of the of the hardest materials, and unlike materials such as Kevlar (which uses its fibers to “catch” the bullet), ceramics break the bullet. The strongest and lightest ceramic is boron carbide.

Ceramic plates or trauma plates are used as inserts in soft ballistic vests. It is hard enough to ensure that a bullet or other weapon is deflected, meaning the armor material pushes out on the bullet with nearly the same force with which the bullet pushes in, thus preventing the armor from being penetrated. Ceramic plates provided to the U.S. military are called Enhanced Small Arms Protective Inserts (ESAPI).

The downside to the use of ceramic is that it cannot sustain successive impacts without quickly losing some of its protective value. However, advanced ceramic technology has eliminated that problem by minimizing the size of the ceramic tiles to be as small as possible, with the matrix elements having a minimum practical thickness of about 1 in. (25 mm).

To know More about Ceramic Armor grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference: 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference: May 22-23, 2019

Venue: Rome, Italy

For more Details: Advanced Materials 2019

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Energy Storage: Solar Power- Advanced Materials 2019

Solar power is the future of energy storage, but it comes with a hefty price tag. As of 2014, solar energy accounts for less than one percent of electricity in the United States and it costs twice as much to produce compared to natural gas (National Center for Policy Analysis). Despite the costs associated with solar energy, the benefits are significant, including sustainability and low maintenance.

In an effort to accelerate solar power advancements, researchers are applying nanotechnology to solar energy. For example, nanoparticles “have been shown to enhance the absorption of light, increase the conversation of light to electricity, and provide better thermal storage and transport (National Nanotechnology Initiative).” With these advancements, nanotechnology has the potential to improve solar energy efficiency and reduce costs.

As today’s researchers continue to make significant advancements across a range of industries, the nanotechnology field is expected to make great strides in the near and long-term future. STEM-focused universities that offer nanotechnology degree programs provide students the opportunity to gain real-world experience and hands-on applied research, enabling the next wave of nanotechnology advancements.

To know More about nanotechnology grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference : 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference : May 22-23, 2019

Venue : Rome, Italy

For more Details : Advanced Materials 2019

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Water Treatment: Safe Purification – Advanced Materials 2019

According to the World Health Organisation, “2.6 billion people—half the developing world—lack even a simple ‘improved’ latrine and 1.1 billion people have no access to any type of improved drinking water.” This lack of access to clean, safe water poses dire health risks too much of the world’s population, including death from diarrheal disease, schistosomiasis infection, and intestinal parasites.

Scientists and engineers are focused on applying nanotechnology to resolve these issues and make water safe and purified.

To know More about nanotechnology grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference: 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference : May 22-23, 2019

Venue : Rome, Italy

For more Details : Advanced Materials 2019

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Carbon Nanotubes and Electronics – Advanced Materials 2019

Building transistors from carbon nanotubes enable minimum transistor dimensions of a few nanometers and the development of techniques to manufacture integrated circuits built with nanotube transistors.

Researchers at Stanford University have demonstrated a method to make functioning integrated circuits using carbon nanotubes. In order to make the circuit work, they developed methods to remove metallic nanotubes, leaving only semiconducting nanotubes, as well as an algorithm to deal with misaligned nanotubes. The demonstration circuit they fabricated in the university labs contains 178 functioning transistors.

Other applications in this area include:

Carbon nanotubes used to direct electrons to illuminate pixels, resulting in a lightweight, millimeter thick “nano emissive” display panel.

Printable electronic devices using nanotube “ink” in inkjet printers

Transparent, flexible electronic devices using arrays of nanotubes.

To know More about Carbon Nanotubes grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference: 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference: May 22-23, 2019

Venue: Rome, Italy

For more Details: Advanced Materials 2019

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