Applications And Types Of Smart Materials - Advanced Materials 2019

Smart material are those that change in response to changing conditions in their surrounding or in the application of other directed influences such as passing an electric charge through them. Modern products increasingly use them, shirts that change color with changes in temperature. Smart materials are the materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled style such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields.

There are many types of smart material some of which are already common. Some examples are as following:

Types of smart material

Some types of smart materials include:

Piezoelectric – On applying a mechanical stress to these materials it generates an electric current. 

Piezoelectric microphones transform changes in pressure caused by sound waves into an electrical signal.

Shape memory – After deformation of these materials they remember their original shape and return back to its original shape when heated . Applications include shape memory stents – tubes threaded into arteries that expand on heating to body temperature to allow increased blood flow.

Thermochromic – These are the materials which change their color in response to changes in temperature. They have been used in bath plugs that change color when the water is too hot.

Photochromic – These materials change color in response to changes in light conditions. Uses include security ink sand dolls that ‘tan’ in the sun.

Magneto rheological: it is a fluid that fluids become solid when placed in a magnetic field. They can be used to construct dampers that suppress vibrations. These can be used for buildings and bridges to suppress the damaging effects

To know More about Smart Materials grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference : 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference : May 22-23, 2019

Venue : Rome, Italy

For more Details : Advanced Materials 2019

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20 Things You Didn’t Know About Nanotechnology – Advanced Materials 2019 conference

How it might kill us, how it might save us, and how it was used in the smallest ever marketing stunt

1 Get small. A nanometer is about the width of a strand of DNA; if you design, build, or use functional systems smaller than 100 of these, you’re a nano technologist.

2 By that definition, we have been doing nano tech for centuries. For instance, the colors in medieval stained glass windows result from nano crystals created in the heating and cooling of the glass.

3 Size matters. At the nano scale, materials take on unusual properties. Their color, transparency, and melting point often differ significantly from those of larger clumps of the same stuff.

4 Nanoscale bits of metal oxide, carbon fiber, or metal blends can detoxify hazardous waste: Their extreme solubility and chemical reactivity help them zero in on the nasty stuff.

5 This approach is already being used at sites in a dozen states, mostly to clean groundwater fouled by solvents, metals, and petroleum.

6 Brighter colors! Richer flavors! Less spoilage! Those are some of the reasons why companies are dumping nano particles into hundreds of products, including cosmetics, sunscreens, and food.

7 Analysts say the global market for manufactured goods using nanomaterials could hit $1.6 trillion by 2013.

8 Uh-oh. Studies show that nanoparticles can work their way into the bloodstream, penetrate cells, and get past the blood-brain barrier. Research has linked such particles to lung damage; the brain may be affected too.

9 But if those particles don’t kill us, they just might save us. Scientists at U.C. San Diego have designed a fluorescent nano particle that glows inside the body, making it easier to image tumors and organ damage.

10 Yale researchers have created plastic nano spheres that encapsulate proteins called cytokines, which stimulate the immune system’s killer T-cells. An injection of those spheres could help fight disease and infection.

11 And in a University of Southern California lab, nano tubes have been used to create synthetic neurons (pdf).

12 The USC team is trying to assemble these neurons into functional networks, which would bring us closer to assistive brain implants.

13 In 1989, using an atomic force microscope, IBM engineer Don Eigler became the first person to move and control a single atom.

14 Eigler and his team later used 35 xenon atoms to spell out “IBM,” thus performing the world’s smallest PR stunt.

15 Atoms? Big whoop. Researchers at Princeton and U.C. Santa Barbara can control the spin of a single electron, trapping it in a “corral” created by applying voltage to minuscule electrodes.

16 But they’re not playing cowboy. The breakthrough could lead to powerful quantum computers that store and manipulate data in the spin of individual electrons.

17 Not to be outdone, Stanford scientists used scanning tunneling microscopy and holograms to write information within the interference patterns formed by electron waves on a copper sheet. The letters are less than a third the size of Eigler’s “IBM.”

18 Government researchers have created arrays of chromium nanobots that can store magnetic data with unprecedented uniformity. One goal: drawing more complex integrated circuits on silicon chips.

19 For the rodent who has everything. Georgia Tech scientists made piezoelectric generators out of nano wires and attached them to tiny hamster jackets. When the critters ran, the generators created electricity.

20 Zhong Lin Wang, co-inventor of the jacket, envisions a shirt that charges your cell phone as you stroll, or an implanted device for measuring blood pressure that’s powered by your own heartbeat.

To know More about the Advanced Composite Materials Grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference : 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference : May 22-23, 2019

Venue : Rome, Italy

For more Details : Advanced Materials 2019

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Types of Scanning Probe Microscopy – Advanced Materials 2019 Conference @Rome @Italy May 22-23, 2019

There are several different types of scanning probe microscopes, the most prominent of which are atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). There are also many other types, which are listed at the end of this article.

Both AFM and STM record an image of the subject by moving the probe tip of the microscope along the sample, within several nanometres of the surface but without making physical contact.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

The atomic force microscope works by measuring the electrostatic force between the tip and the specimen. There are several different subtypes of this microscope, including: 

Contact AFM 

Non-contact AFM 

Dynamic contact AFM 

Tapping AFM 

AFM-IR 

This type of microscope has a very high resolution to the order of fractions of a nanometer. The image is constructed based on touching the surfaces of the specimen with the probe of the microscope.

An AFM can measure the strength of the force, create an image of the surface, and manipulate the atoms on the surface of the specimen, depending on the situation.

A thin laser beam that focuses onto the cantilever and reflects onto a detector, which acts as a sensor. The cantilever bending is measured to determine the distance of the sample from the probe.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)

A scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measures the electrical current between the tip and the specimen.

Scanning microscopes move the probe tip back and forth over the surface of the sample to create an image that can be visualized.

STM is based on a simpler principle than AFM, but it can only be used with conducting samples. The metal probe tip and the sample are both connected to a voltage supply so that a tunnel current occurs when the tip is close to the sample.

Throughout the scan, the tip moves up and down to maintain the same current and, therefore, distance from the sample. The movement of the tip is translated into the image from the scanning tunneling microscope.

Other types of scanning probe microscopes

There are various other types of scanning probe microscopes including: 

Ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) 

Chemical force microscopy (CFM) 

Conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) 

Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (ECSTM) 

Electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) 

Fluidic force microscopy (FluidFM) 

Force modulation microscopy (FMM) 

Force modulation microscopy (FOSPM) 

Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) 

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) 

Magnetic resonance force microscope (MRFM) 

Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) 

Photon scanning tunneling microscopy (PSTM) 

Photothermal microscopy (PTMS) 

Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) 

Scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) 

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) 

Scanning gate microscopy (SGM) 

Scanning Hall probe microscopy (SHGM) 

Scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM) 

Scanning SQUID microscopy 

Scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) 

Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) 

Scanning tunneling potentiometry (STP) 

Scanning voltage microscopy (SVM) 

Scanning single-electron transistor microscopy (SSET) 

Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SPSM) 

Synchrotron x-ray scanning tunneling microscopy (SXSTM) 

To know More about nanotechnology grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference : 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference : May 22-23, 2019

Venue : Rome, Italy

For more Details : Advanced Materials 2019

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Nanotechnology today and tomorrow – Advanced Materials 2019 Conference

While the future applications of nanotechnology are definitely promising, there are already a wide array of products and services that utilize nanomaterials. The term “nanotechnology” is often associated with futuristic advances in medical technology and chemistry, but its use cases are much more subtle and widespread than that, encompassing everyday innovations such as:

The composite materials within plastic bottles, which are safer, better insulated and cheaper to manufacture than some types of glass. 

The lithium iron phosphate batteries frequently included in devices such as rechargeable power tools; they have higher power densities and superior safety profiles compared to more common designs using lithium cobalt oxide. 

The nanoparticles incorporated into some articles of clothing for the reduction of static, prevention of sunburn and resistance to both stains and water damage. 

The key ingredients in skin care and cosmetic products for enabling deeper delivery of vitamins to slow the aging process and possibly enhance appearance. 

The stretchable gold that allows for the fabrication of flexible circuit boards capable of fitting into cutting-edge devices, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and aerospace equipment. 

Dates of the Conference: May 22-23, 2019

Venue: Rome, Italy

For more Details: Advanced Materials 2019

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With these current uses in mind, where can nanotechnology go from here? The next phases in nanotech are likely to broaden its reach in the treatment of diseases (especially cancer), in addition to the improvement of renewable energy sources and agriculture. These efforts are undoubtedly heavy lifts, but nanoscientists have already begun work that could lead to major breakthroughs.

For example, death rates from the four most common cancer types have steadily declined since peaking in 1991, but more progress can still be made. Nanotechnology may offer a new path forward for effective cancer treatment. Similarly, it may be the best route for extending current gains in solar energy capture and storage, as well as food production, processing, and packaging.

To know More about nanotechnology grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference: 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Composite materials are becoming more important in the construction of aerostructures. Aircraft parts are made from composite materials such as fairings, spoilers and flight controls were developed for their weight saving over aluminum parts. New generation aircraft are designed with all composite FUSELAGE and wing structures. These are also the advanced polymer matrix composites. They have the desired physical and chemical properties. These are generally characterized and detected by their unusually high stiffness or modulus of elasticity. These Advanced composite matrices are used in REINFORCED MATRIX COMPOSITION.

To know More about nanocomposites grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference: 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference: May 22-23, 2019

Venue: Rome, Italy

For more Details: Advanced Materials 2019

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Nanorobots and Its Medical Applications – Advanced Materials 2019

NanoRobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots close to the microscopic scale of a nanometer (10−9 meters). Nanorobotics refers to nanotechnology – an engineering discipline for designing and building nanorobots. These devices range from 0.1-10 micrometers and are made up of nanoscale or molecular components. As no artificial, non-biological Nanorobots have yet been created, they remain a pretending concept. The names nanorobots, nanorods, nanites or nanomites have also been used to describe these hypothetical devices.

Nanorobots can be used in different application areas such as medicine and space technology. Nowadays, these nanorobots play a crucial role in the field of Bio-Medicine, particularly for the treatment of cancer, cerebral Aneurysm, removal of kidney stones, elimination of defected parts in the DNA structure, and for some other treatments that need utmost support to save human lives.

1. Nanorobotics in Surgery

Surgical nanorobots are introduced into the human body through vascular systems and other cavities. Surgical nanorobots act as semi-autonomous on-site surgeon inside the human body and are programmed or directed by a human surgeon. This programmed surgical nanorobot performs various functions like searching for pathogens, and the diagnosis and correction of lesions by nano-manipulation synchronized by an onboard computer while conserving and contacting with the supervisory surgeon through coded ultrasound signals. Nowadays, the earlier forms of cellular nano-surgery are being explored. For example, a micropipette rapidly vibrating at a frequency of 100 Hz micropipette comparatively less than 1-micron tip diameter is used to cut dendrites from single neurons. This process is not ought to damage the cell capability.

2. Diagnosis and Testing

Medical nanorobots are used for the purpose of diagnosis, testing and monitoring of microorganisms, tissues and cells in the bloodstream. These nanorobots are capable of noting down the record and report some vital signs such as temperature, pressure and immune system’s parameters of different parts of the human body continuously.

3. Nanorobotics in Gene Therapy

Nanorobots are also applicable in treating genetic diseases, by relating the molecular structures of DNA and proteins in the cell. The modifications and irregularities in the DNA and protein sequences are then corrected (edited). The chromosomal replacement therapy is very efficient compared to the cell repair. An assembled repair vessel is inbuilt in the human body to perform the maintenance of genetics by floating inside the nucleus of a cell. Supercoil of DNA when enlarged within its lower pair of robotic arms, the nanomachine pulls the strand which is unwounded for analysis; meanwhile, the upper arms detach the proteins from the chain. The information which is stored in the large nanocomputer’s database is placed outside the nucleus and compared with the molecular structures of both DNA and proteins that are connected through a communication link to a cell repair ship. Abnormalities found in the structures are corrected, and the proteins reattached to the Deoxy Nucleic Acid chain once again reforms into their original form.

4. Nanorobots in Cancer Detection and Treatment

The current stages of medical technologies and therapy tools are used for the successful treatment of cancer. The important aspect to achieve a successful treatment is based on the improvement of efficient drug delivery to decrease the side-effects from the chemotherapy.Nanorobots with embedded chemical biosensors are used for detecting the tumor cells in early stages of cancer development inside a patient’s body. Nanosensors are also utilized to find the intensity of E-cadherin signals.

5. Nanodentistry is one of the topmost applications as nanorobots help in different processes involved in dentistry.These nanorobots are helpful in desensitizing tooth, oral anesthesia, straightening of irregular set of teeth and improvement of the teeth durability, major tooth repairs and improvement of appearance of teeth, etc.

To know More about Nanorobotics grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference : 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference : May 22-23, 2019

Venue : Rome, Italy

For more Details : Advanced Materials 2019

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Different Types of Nanorobots and Applications – Advanced Materials 2019

There are many different types of nanorobots .

Smallest engine ever created: “A group of physicists from the University of Mainz in Germany recently built the smallest engine ever created from just a single atom. Like any other engine, it converts heat energy into movement — but it does so on a smaller scale than ever seen before. The atom is trapped in a cone of electromagnetic energy and lasers are used to heat it up and cool it down, which causes the atom to move back and forth in the cone like an engine piston.”

3D-motion nanomachines from DNA: “Mechanical engineers at Ohio State University have designed and constructed complex nanoscale mechanical parts using ‘DNA origami’ — proving that the same basic design principles that apply to typical full-size machine parts can now also be applied to DNA — and can produce complex, controllable components for future nanorobots.

Nanoswimmers: “ETH Zurich and Technion researchers have developed an elastic “nanoswimmer” polypyrrole (Ppy) nanowire about 15 micrometers (millionths of a meter) long and 200 nanometers thick that can move through biological fluid environments at almost 15 micrometers per second…The nanoswimmers could be functionalized to deliver drugs and magnetically controlled to swim through the bloodstream to target cancer cells, for example.”

Ant-like nanoengine with 100x force per unit weight: “University of Cambridge researchers have developed a tiny engine capable of a force per unit-weight nearly 100 times higher than any motor or muscle. The new nano-engines could lead to nanorobots small enough to enter living cells to fight disease, the researchers say. Professor Jeremy Baumberg from the Cavendish Laboratory, who led the research, has named the devices ‘actuating nanotransducers’ (ANTs). ‘Like real ants, they produce large forces for their weight…’ ”

Sperm-inspired microrobots: “A team of researchers at the University of Twente (Netherlands) and German University in Cairo (Egypt) has developed sperm-inspired microrobots, which can be controlled by oscillating weak magnetic fields.” They will be used in complex micro-manipulation and targeted therapy tasks.

Bacteria-powered robots: “Drexel University engineers have developed a method for using electric fields to help microscopic bacteria-powered robots detect obstacles in their environment and navigate around them. Uses include delivering medication, manipulating stem cells to direct their growth, or building a microstructure, for example.”

Nanorockets: “Several groups of researchers have recently constructed a high-speed, remote-controlled nanoscale version of a rocket by combining nanoparticles with biological molecules…The researchers hope to develop the rocket so it can be used in any environment; for example, to deliver drugs to a target area of the body.”

To know More about Nanorobots grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference : 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference : May 22-23, 2019

Venue : Rome, Italy

For more Details : Advanced Materials 2019

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5 of the latest advancements in Nanotechnology

1. Health: Drug Delivery

Today, cancer patients have three treatment options: surgery, chemotherapy or radiation. While the methods vary, the goal for the three treatment options is the same: eradicate the targeted cancer cells with minimal damage to normal tissue.

However, according to the National Cancer Institute, “All three methods risk damage to normal tissue or incomplete eradication of the cancer.” For example, during chemotherapy, cytotoxic drugs are released to kill cancerous cells, but often kill healthy cells during the process. This process can result in side effects including hair loss, nausea, pain, nervous system effects, appetite loss and fatigue. Treatments and reactions vary from patient to patient, but these side effects are frequent and common in most cancer patients.

Nanoparticles for chemotherapy drug carriers have made some of the greatest advancements in cancer treatment. By using nanocarriers to treat patients, treatments can focus on targeting cancerous cells and limit the damage to healthy cells.

2. Agriculture: Crop Protection and Livestock Productivity

Currently, the world population is growing at 1.13 percent per year, with an estimated 7.4 billion people in the world today. Experts predict this number will continue to rise to more than 90 billion by 2050, with the largest population increase expected to occur in less developed countries (Population Reference Bureau). These predictions have world leaders, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, anticipating significant increases in food demand and rising pressure for healthy crops in developing countries.

In response to these growing population concerns, scientists in the nanotechnology and nanoagriculture fields are focused on determining how nanosized particles can increase crop and livestock productivity. While nanoagriculture is a more recent application of nanotechnology, the benefits are clear with its “potential to protect plants, monitor plant growth, detect plant and animal diseases, increase global food production, enhance food quality and reduce waste.” (Nanotechnology in Agri-Food Production)

3. Water Treatment: Safe Purification

According to the World Health Organisation, “2.6 billion people—half the developing world—lack even a simple ‘improved’ latrine and 1.1 billion people have no access to any type of improved drinking water.” This lack of access to clean, safe water poses dire health risks to much of the world’s population, including: death from diarrheal disease, schistosomiasis infection, and intestinal parasites.

Scientists and engineers are focused on applying nanotechology to resolve these issues and make water safe and purified.

4. Diseases: Early Detection

Nanotechnology applications for early disease detection are gaining a significant amount of traction and attention. Essentially, scientists are exploring the use of nanoparticles to raise a warning or “biomarker” if a cancerous tumor or other disease is found. Since these nanoparticles carry several peptides, in theory, it should send numerous biomarkers to indicate that a disease is present. Early detection of diseases like Alzheimer’s and cancer allows treatments and, potentially, a cure to begin sooner.

5. Energy Storage: Solar Power

Solar power is the future of energy storage, but it comes with a hefty price tag. As of 2014, solar energy accounts for less than one percent of electricity in the United States and it costs twice as much to produce compared to natural gas (National Center for Policy Analysis). Despite the costs associated with solar energy, the benefits are significant, including sustainability and low maintenance.

In an effort to accelerate solar power advancements, researchers are applying nanotechnology to solar energy. For example, nanoparticles “have been shown to enhance the absorption of light, increase the conversation of light to electricity, and provide better thermal storage and transport (National Nanotechnology Initiative).” With these advancements, nanotechnology has the potential to improve solar energy efficiency and reduce costs.

As today’s researchers continue to make significant advancements across a range of industries, the nanotechnology field is expected to make great strides in the near and long-term future. STEM-focused universities that offer nanotechnology degree programs provide students the opportunity to gain real-world experience and hands-on applied research, enabling the next wave of nanotechnology advancements.

To know More about Nanotechnology in Solar Cells grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference : 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference : May 22-23, 2019

Venue : Rome, Italy

For more Details : Advanced Materials 2019

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Nano-Electronic Devices and Materials – Advanced Materials 2019 @Rome @Italy May 22-23, 2019

Nano materials and devices

Study of organic materials for nano junctions, transistor and light emitting devices. Development of nano devices by e-beam writing. 

Molecular beam epitaxial growth of nanoscale semiconductors for electronic, photonic, and biochemical sensing applications 

III-nitride nanowire heterostructures, including nanowires, quantum dots, and micro/nanotubes 

Nanowire-based nanophotonic devices, including light emitting diodes, lasers, solar cells, thermoelectric devices, and photodetectors

Artificial photosynthesis on nanowire arrays, including one-step solar-to-hydrogen conversion and photoreduction of carbon dioxide 

Covalent and non-covalent functionalization of graphene field effect transistors for gas sensing, pH sensing, bolometry, thermoelectrics and other applications. 

Graphene, graphene/boron-nitride heterostructures and suspended graphene for microwave electronics and other applications 

Semiconductor heterostructures for cryo-refrigeration and spin caloritronics 

Graphene/nano-particle composites for applications such as Li-ion battery anodes 

To know More about Nanotechnology in Solar Cells grab the chance and attend the forthcoming Conference : 5th International Conference on Advanced Material Research and Nanotechnology.

Dates of the Conference : May 22-23, 2019

Venue : Rome, Italy

For more Details : Advanced Materials 2019

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